Animal and Plant Biology

The main features of living organisms: - General characteristics of living organisms. Biological diversity. - The origin of life. - Autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. - Role of plants in the biosphere. The chemical basis of life: - The chemical-physical characteristics of water molecules - Carbohydrates: structure, functions, role in cells. Structural and storage polysaccharides. Lignin -Lipids: structure, functions, role in cells - Terpenes and essential oils - Lipids and biological membranes. Amino acids and protein structure - Functional characteristics of proteins and notions regarding enzyme catalysis - Nucleotides and nucleic acids: structure, functions, role in cells - Morphofunctional organization of plant cells: - General organization of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Plant and animal cells - Biological membranes: structure and function - subdivision and transport - Plasma membrane: the lipid and protein component - Cytoplasm and cytoskeleton: microtubules and microfilaments - Endomembrane system: endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi Apparatus, ribosomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes - cell organelles and endosymbiotic theory - Mitochondria: structure and functions - Plastids: Genesis and types of plastids - Chloroplast: structure and functions - Cell wall: genesis, structure and functions - Vacuole: genesis, structure and functions - Osmosis, plasmolisis, relaxation - Nucleus: structure and functions Transmission of genetic information DNA replication and transcription Genetic code - Protein synthesis - Cell cycle: mitosis and cytodieresis - Meiosis, genotype, phenotype - Mendelian genetics, F1 and F2, test cross - Mutations, ploidy in cultivated plants - Notions of molecular biology methodology - Examples of genetically modified plants - Structural and functional organization of plants: -General organization of plants - Plant tissues: meristematic and adult Root apex and anatomy of the primary root Shoot apex and anatomy of primary shoot structure - Structure and secondary growth - structure of annual rings: omoxilo and eteroxilo wood - The leaf: formation, connection to the stem, structure The flower: formation and organography Micro- and macrosporogenesis, micro- and macrogametogenesis - Fertilization and formation of the seed and the fruit - Types of seeds and fruits - Seed structure, germination and formation of seedlings - Harmonic growth and physical and chemical mediators - Introduction to systematic Botany: Taxa and nomenclature; taxonomic systems. Metagenetic cycles in algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, spermatophytes. Introduction to plant diversity: thallus and corm. Eukaryotic algae: general information, morphology, organization, reproduction and cycles. Systematics: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Chrysophyta, Euglenophyta, Clorophyta, Charophyta. Emancipation of plants from the aquatic environment - Terrestrial plants: general taxonomics. Embryophytes: differences between bryophytes and tracheophytes Bryophyta: general information, morphology, organization, systematics reproduction and cycles Pteridophytes (vascular cryptogams): general information, morphology and organization, reproduction and cycles of isosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes Spermatophyta: general characteristics; ovule and seed, pollen. Gymnosperms: general information, morphology and organization; reproductive organs, reproduction and cycle; Cycads, Gingkophytes, Coniferophytes and Gnetophytes. Angiosperms: general information, morphology and organization; reproductive organs; flower, inflorescences; fruit; reproduction and cycle; Dicots and Monocots

UNIT 2: Animal Biology Animal Cells The nucleus and the nucleolus. Chromatin organization. Genetic information and its expression: replication, transcript, translation, genetic code Cytoplasm: the relationship between the structure and function of the Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmatic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus. Mitocondris and cellular oxidations. Cellular cycle and the mitosis. General morphofunctional characteristics and anatomical location of the epithelial covering and glandular tissues, support connectives and trophics, skeletal, cardiac, smooth and nervous muscle. Organization of the animals and human body, anatomical position, section plans, corporal cavities. Locomotor apparatus: Skeleton and its functions; general notions articular systems classification; general notions of the skeletal muscles. Integumentary apparatus: skin and attached cutaneous. Cardiovascular apparatus: general characteristics of blood and lymphatic circulation heart structure and conformation, pericardium, arteries, veins, capillaries land ymphoide organs. Digestive apparatus: organization of the food channel anatomy. Urinary apparatus: kidneys organization and microscopic anatomy, urinary pathways organizations. Genital apparatus: organization and anatomy of the gonads and the masculine and female genital pathways gametogenesis. Endocrine system. Morphofuncional characteristic of endocrine glands Nervous system: general organization of the CNS; general notions on nerves; brainstem and cranial nerves encefalici; cerebellum; diencephalon and cerebrum. Survey of physiological systems that regulate levels of gases, food, energy, temperature, water, and ions. Examples from invertebrates and vertebrates Animal development from fertilization through birth. The functional anatomy and life cycles of the major invertebrate taxa are emphasized. A comparative survey of vertebrates, focusing on their morphology, classification, and phylogeny.